PSYCH 460--Handout for Neuroanatomy - Chapter 3

Please note: Anything you see on this page in RED TYPE is stuff
you are liable to be tested on. The rest of it is FYI, and it certainly
wouldn't hurt you to know it if you want to be a well educated psychologist
or neuroscientist, but you won't see it on THIS exam/quiz. We will cover the
details of neuroanatomy as we need them in our discussion of specific topics.

1. direction finding is important - know the following terms
   • anterior - posterior
   • rostral - caudal
   • dorsal - ventral
   • superior - inferior
   • lateral - medial
   • ipsilateral - contralateral
2. slices or sections - this goes along with direction finding
   • frontal sections (aka coronal sections)
   • horizontal sections
   • sagittal sections (including midsagittal)
3. overview
   • central nervous system (CNS) = brain + spinal cord
   • peripheral nervous system (PNS) = cranial nerves + spinal nerves + peripheral ganglia
   • meninges
     • dura mater
     • arachnoid mater (or membrane)
     • subarachnoid space - filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
     • pia mater
   • ventricular system - contains approx. 125 ml of CSF with a half life of about 3 hrs.
     • lateral ventricles
     • third ventricle
     • cerebral aqueduct
     • fourth ventricle
     • choroid plexus
   • nucleus vs. ganglion
   • tract vs. nerve
   • gray matter vs. white matter
4. anatomical subdivisions of the brain (see Table 3.2) - THIS WHOLE TABLE!

   anatomical subdivisions of the brain
   forebrain	telencephalon	cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system
   	diencephalon	thalamus, hypothalamus
   midbrain	mesencephalon	tectum, tegmentum, cerebral peduncles
   hindbrain	metencephalon	pons, cerebellum
   	myelencephalon	medulla, pyramids of the medulla

5. forebrain
   1. telencephalon - cerebral hemispheres
      1. cerebral cortex
         1. sulcus (sulci)
         2. fissures - longitudinal fissure, lateral fissure, central fissure
         3. gyrus (gyri) - precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus
         4. lobes
            1. frontal lobe
            2. parietal lobe
            3. occipital lobe
            4. temporal lobe
         5. sensory cortex
         6. motor cortex - primary motor cortex
         7. association cortex (or association areas)
         8. corpus callosum - largest commissure in the brain
         9. neocortex
         10. limbic cortex - cingulate gyrus, entorhinal and hippocampal cortex
      2. subcortical structures
         1. limbic system
            1. hippocampus
            2. amygdala
            3. septal nuclei
            4. limbic cortex (see above)
         2. basal ganglia
            1. caudate nucleus
            2. putamen
            3. globus pallidus
   2. diencephalon - thalamus and hypothalamus
      1. thalamus - relay into and out of neocortex
      2. hypothalamus - functions:
         1. regulation of pituitary
         2. involvement with limbic system
         3. homeostatic drives (hunger, thirst, sex)
         4. regulation of autonomic nervous sytem
6. midbrain
   1. mesencephalon
      1. tectum - snesory functions
      2. tegmentum
         1. reticular formation
         2. substantia nigra
      3. cerebral peduncles - descending motor fibers
7. hindbrain
   1. metencephalon
      1. cerebellum
         1. cerebellar cortex
         2. deep cerebellar nuclei
         3. cerebellar peduncles
      2. pons
         1. reticular formation
         2. raphe nuclei
         3. locus coeruleus
   2. myelencephalon (medulla)
      1. pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts
8. spinal cord
   1. white matter
   2. gray matter
9. peripheral nervous system
   1. spinal nerves - 31 pairs
   2. autonomic nervous system
      1. sympathetic division (SNS)
      2. parasympathetic division (PSNS)
   3. cranial nerves - 12 pairs
      1. sensory nerves
      2. motor nerves
      3. mixed nerves