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1) Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

2) Schizophrenic individuals have great difficulty arranging their thoughts logically and sorting out plausible conclusions from absurd ones. In conversations they jump from one topic to another as new associations come up. Sometimes they utter meaningless words or choose words for rhyme rather than for meaning. This symptom of schizophrenia is called:

3) Negative and cognitive symptoms are not specific to schizophrenia. They are seen in many neurological disorders that involve brain damage, especially to the __________.

4) There is a running battle on the Internet among specialists in psychiatry (who should really know better!) about how common schizophrenia is. The National Institute of Mental Health says about 0.3% of people in the U.S. are currently diagnosed with schizophrenia. That would be about a million people. Others say about 0.7% of people are currently diagnosed (2.2 million people). An article in the Psychiatric Times online criticized these statistics, saying, "A schizophrenia prevalence in the United States of 1% is a foundation fact that has wide implications." What common mistake did the Psychiatric Times author make?

5) First diagnosis for schizophrenia, at one time referred to as dementia praecox because of this, most commonly occurs during:

6) The first drug used successfully in the treatment of schizophrenia was:

7) If a monozygotic twin is diagnosed with schizophrenia, the chance is about 48% that his cotwin will also be diagnosed. If a dizygotic twin is diagnosed with schizophrenia, the chance that his cotwin will also be diagnosed is about 17%. This implies that:

8) The methylation theory of schizophrenia:

9) A drug can have many actions in the brain, but all of the drugs that have been found useful in the treatment of positive symptoms of schizophrenia have one action in common. What?

10) Atypical antipsychotic drugs, such as clozapine and aripiprazole:

11) The most serious side effect of atypical antipsychotic drugs such as clozapine is:

12) During late adolescence there is a general loss of cells and synapses from the cerebral cortex as the brain undergoes a final stage of development. Scans have shown that this developmental process is abnormal in adolescents diagnosed or soon to be diagnosed with schizophrenia. What is this developmental process called?

13) The Wisconsin Card Sort Test, with which schizophrenic patients typically have difficulty, can be used to indicate deficient functioning in what area of the brain?

14) Schizophrenia, particularly the negative symptoms, has been related to a syndrome called hypofrontality, in which an area of the frontal cortex degenerates or is not functioning properly. What area of frontal cortex is under suspicion?

15) A syndrome resembling the negative symptoms of schizophrenia can be caused by chronic abuse of what drugs?

16) What is the current state of the evidence suggesting that we can make hallucinogenic compounds such as DMT in our brains?

17) In addition to acting at dopamine receptors, atypical antipsychotic drugs almost certainly have an additional therapeutic effect by acting at synapses that use what neurotransmitter?

18) Depressions that have an obvious environmental or psychological cause are called:

19) Changes in the sleep cycle and appetite are classified as what kind of symptom of depression?

20) Problems with memory, attention, and concentration are classified as what kind of symptom of depression?

21) Hallucinations and delusions are classified as what kind of symptom of depression?

22) Feelings of despair, guilt, and hopelessness are classified as what kind of symptom of depression?

23) The first drugs used as antidepressants were:

24) Approximately what fraction of patients with depression who are treated with antidepressant medications receive no or little benefit from them?

25) True or False. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was first developed as a treatment for depression, but has since been shown to be ineffective.

26) True or False. A person receiving electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is in danger of injuring himself because the seizures produced in the brain cause convulsions of the muscles.

27) Which of the following lines of evidence support(s) the monoamine theory of depression?

28) Low activity of what neurotransmitter system in the brain has been associated with suicidal depression?

29) We all suffer psychological stress and depression from time to time. This results in the brain being flooded with stress hormones, and too much of these hormones can damage neurons, especially in the hippocampus. Most of us can repair this damage, but some can't and become prone to depression. This is a statement of the __________ theory of depression.

30) New evidence from scanning studies in the frontal lobe suggests that depression may result when the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is __________ and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is __________.

31) Drug-free depressives, both those actively depressed and those in remission, show a 50-75% increase in blood flow to what area of the brain? The amount of this increase is correlated with the severity of their depression.

32) True or False. In spite of the fact that people with major depression often experience psychomotor retardation (don't move around, can't get themselves up and going, everything takes too much effort), they are experiencing a massive stress response in their bodies.

33) According to Sapolsky, the three monoamine neurotransmitters play different roles in producing depressive symptoms. Low serotonin produces:

34) Free-floating anxiety is characteristic of what anxiety disorder?

35) Anticipatory anxiety leading to secondary agoraphobia is likely to occur in:

36) Shortness of breath, clammy sweat, and dizziness and faintness so severe that the person may think she's having a heart attack is characteristic of:

37) When brain activity during panic attacks is examined by PET scans, what area of the brain is unusually active?

38) PET scanning studies of people with panic disorder find decreased numbers of receptors for which neurotransmitter?

39) OCD can occur after brain damage caused by various means, such as birth trauma, encephalitis, or head trauma. In particular, symptoms of OCD appear to be associated with damage or dysfunction of:

40) True or False. OCD has been successfully treated with psychosurgery (surgery on the brain in an attempt to treat psychological problems). However, this surgery often leads to "side effects" characteristic of frontal lobe damage.

41) Traditional anxiolytic (anxiety-relieving or tranquilizing) drugs all activate the GABA-A receptor in the brain. These drugs include which of the following?

42) When pregnant cats were given diazepam (Valium), and then the kittens were examined after they were born, what did the kittens look like behaviorally?

43) It appears that benzodiazepines like Valium need to reach only one specific location in the brain in order to have their anxiolytic effect. What area is it?

44) Which of the following drugs acts at the GABA-A receptor?

45) Buspirone, discovered to be an effective antianxiety agent in the 1980s, is anxiolytic but not sedating or ataxigenic. Therefore, it cannot be producing it's anxiolytic effect at:

46) Today the drugs of choice for treating anxiety disorders are:

47) Anxiety disorders are often comorbid with what other psychological disorder?

48) Which of the following is true of social anxiety disorder?

49) PET scanning studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder show increased glucose utilization in three area of the brain. Which areas return to normal when the OCD is successfully treated?

50) The most successful form of psychotherapy for anxiety disorders has been:

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