36/3-4 sinnes . . . committed. I.e., "the sins which they committed after their profession of faith."

36/5-6 actes .2. Acts 2:38-40.

36/11 Actes .9. Acts 9:1-19, where Paul is baptized and filled with the holy Spirit after the visit of Ananias and the laying on of hands.

36/12 text of Iohn. The period here is used as a colon. See the Introduction, p. 199, n. 1.

36/15 and is. I.e., "and [he] is."

36/18 obtayned vs. I.e., "obtained for us."

37/5-8 A then . . . at al. Tyndale phrases this almost as a question.

37/7 poore . . . scochfre. Literally, "the poor sinner doesn't have to pay." The "scot" was the tavern score or payment due for entertainment. (Cf. OED, "scot-free.")

Shakespeare's Falstaff says "Though I could scape shot-free at London, I fear the shot here . . ." (1 Henry IV, V.iii.30-31).

37/7-8 with out ought. I.e., "without anything [in the way of punishment]."

37/9-10 whom . . . enioyned. See above, n. to 35/20.

37/12-13 wil he . . . amendes? I.e., "perhaps he will forgive me, but only if I make amends?"

37/15-17 O popyshe . . . pardone. I.e., "The common proverb, 'no penny, no pardon,' goes well with the pope's brand of forgiveness." "Whom" (37/16) was the dative of "what" and used as a general objective case of "which" (OED "whom," 9a). ODEP (p. 458) cites this text as the earliest example of this proverb.

37/19 .Roma. 9. An incorrect reference. The compositor probably mistook a "4" for a "9". The text referred to is Rom. 4:4. Both 1537 and 1538 correct the error.

38/3 rekened . . . his. I.e., "considered as his."

38/5 .32. Psalme. Ps. 31:2 (Ps. 32:2 AV). Both 1537 and 1538 have "xxxi".

38/9 in the xi. Rom. 11:6.

38/11-12 For it . . . eares. I.e., "It didn't sound right to Paul."

38/17-39/1 For as. . . complexion he. I.e., "For just as his holiness . . . even so does he [the pope], because of his terrible disposition." See below, 50/4 and 132/22, for other instances of the ironic use of "blessid" (39/1). The analysis runs as follows: "since the pope is so harsh with those who owe him anything, he can't imagine God behaving otherwise."

39/3 appoyntment . . . satisfaction. Perhaps "upon our agreeing on doing the penance." This would fit the theory of sins being forgiven through the sacrament of penance, even though the penance assigned is still unperformed. Tyndale is, of course, rejecting the need of such penance.

39/7-8 satisfaction only. I.e., "the only satisfaction."

39/10 fleshlie imagination. Not the process of imagining, but the final result which Tyndale considers a fantasy based on the pope's worldly or "fleshlie" tendencies. See below, 54/14.

39/11 .Iohn. the fourth. John 4:24.

40/6 crowechinge / knelynge. I.e., "bowing and kneeling," not necessarily as physical penances, but as devotional practices. The OED lists no example earlier than the seventeenth century of "kneeling" as meaning "advancing on one's knees" as a penance. Nor are all the practices mentioned here by Tyndale physical penances (e.g. lighting candles or almsgiving). The OED cites Coverdale's 1535 translation of the Bible which uses both words together in a text on false humility: "Though he make moch croutchinge and knelinge" (Ecclus. 12:11).

"Payne takinge" (40/6), however, does refer to physical penance. See below, 148/1 and n. (147/22-148/1).

40/8 Iake Napes. A nickname for a tame ape or monkey. The word first apppears In 1449 as a nickname for William de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk. His badge had been a clog and chain, such as might be attached to a tame ape (OED). More later used the term in the Confutation (109/37 and n.). For the ape as a type of folly and vanity, see H. W. Janson, Apes and Ape Lore In the Middle Ages and Renaissance (London, 1952), pp. 199 ff.

40/15-41/3 For the . . . Roma. Cf. Rom. 7:1-12.

40/19 forsinnes. I.e., "sins already committed." One of a number of words first used by Tyndale which did not pass into permanent use in our language. Cf. also "indurat" (73/19).

40/22 we translated. I.e., "we are delivered."

41/7-9 infirmities . . . then. I.e., "weaknesses because of which we cannot avoid sinning occasionally."

41/17-18 lawe that sleyeth. I.e., a law providing execution as a penalty for its violation. From the time of King Edward I, fourteen years of age had generally been considered to be the minimum age required for conviction for a capital offense or felony, although children were occasionally executed for murder if they were proved "doli capax," which amounted to knowing that they were doing wrong. See Matthew Hale, The History of the Pleas of Crown, ed. George Wilson (Dublin, 1778), 1, 26.

41/20 Ro. 7. Rom. 7:12-25 is in part paraphrased from 41/21 to 42/9.

42/13 facion .. like as. I.e., "conform our actions as closely as possible [to what the law demands]."

43/6 painteth. I.e., with a view to deceiving men.

43/7 .vij. yeares punishment. According to some theologians, the fires of purgatory were like those of hell, although the term of punishment might be finite. On the "sharpness" of the fires of purgatory Augustine commented: "gravior erit ignis quam quidquid potest homo pati in hac vita" (PL, xxxvi, col. 397, cited in New Catholic Encyclopedia, 12, 578). Cf. below, 48/1. Tyndale here may well have had in mind one of the usual kinds of indulgences, that of "seven years and seven quarantines," i.e., remission of temporal punishment such as might be obtained by seven years and seven forty-day periods of canonical penance. But the theory that actual days and years of purgatory were relieved by such indulgences was accepted by some theologians. (See H. C. Lea, A History of Auricular Confession, 3, 88-89.)

43/8-10 which trespace . . . purgatory. I.e., "and this trespass or sin, because of its frequency, might make our time in purgatory seem like eternity."

43/17 that. I.e., "and he does that."

44/7 Hieremias . . . . I. chaptre. Jer. 1:10.

44/18 whom so euer. Object of "saith" (44/19).

45/4 our hertes . . . sinne. I.e., "our hearts were not

[fully] in the sin."

45/7 vertue. The OED records only one instance of this word being used as a verb (fourteenth century). The parallel use of "to sinne" (45/4) is additional evidence that Tyndale intended "vertue" in its usual sense, as a noun.

45/15-16 according . . . repentance. This phrase refers back to 45/13-14 ,to subdue it & to quench the lustis therof," although its position after "which ar waxen so ranke that they bud out openly" is at first confusing.

45/16-18 if thei . . . Rom. 6. "Thei," i.e., his opponents. A very general category, to say the least. More (Confutation, 213/6-31) very clearly emphasizes his belief that the sacrament of penance rather than simple repentance is necessary for those who sin seriously after baptism. For the references to scripture here, cf. Rom. 6:4-7 and 18-19.

46/1-2 with al . . . man. I.e., "with every kind of Godly practice of the virtues that [will] tame the flesh and not kill the man." Tyndale probably apprehended "exercise" as a plural as well as a singular because of the voiced fricative with which it ends. Cf. modern "series" which serves similarly as both singular and plural.

46/9-10 to fast breade and water. I.e., "to fast, only taking bread and water."

46/14 strengthe them. I.e., "strengthen themselves."

47/2 solde their penance. I.e., let the rich substitute a money payment for the penance which had been given.

47/9 exalted . . . throne. I.e., "everyone exalted the power of his own position."

47/14 turne their tale. I.e., "change their story."

47/18-19 referring . . . God. I.e., "attributing our way of behaving to God."

48/1 sofre vij. yeres . . . synne. See above, n. to 43/7.

48/2 Antichrist. Antichrist appears in the NT in the epistles attributed to St. John. See below, 79/21-22 (1 John 2:18), 84/1 (1 John 2:22), and 110/13 (1 John 4:3). For Tyndale's summary history of Antichrist and the church, see below, 80/5-82/13. The Antichrist was a central concept in Luther's view of the church and history. For Luther's identification of the papacy and Antichrist, see Headley, p. 196, and, on the history of Antichrist as seen by Luther, Headley, pp. 181 ff.

48/3 set vp . . . Rome. See below, 78/21-79/1 and 82/8 and n.

48/4 vsurped the Roome. I.e., took over the office of the papacy. Since "Rome" and "room" were frequently pronounced the same (OED), the play on words is further emphasized by capitalizing the word for "office or position