PSYCH 460--Handout for Neuroanatomy - Chapter 3

1. direction finding is important - know the following terms
   anterior - posterior
   rostral - caudal
   dorsal - ventral
   superior - inferior
   lateral - medial
   ipsilateral - contralateral
   
2. slices or sections - this goes along with direction finding
   frontal sections (aka coronal sections)
   horizontal sections
   sagittal sections (including midsagittal)
   
3. overview
   central nervous system (CNS) = brain spinal cord
   peripheral nervous system (PNS) = cranial nerves spinal nerves peripheral ganglia
   meninges
   dura mater
   arachnoid mater (or membrane)
   subarachnoid space - filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
   pia mater
   
   ventricular system - contains approx. 125 ml of CSF with a half life of about 3 hrs.
   lateral ventricles
   third ventricle
   cerebral aqueduct
   fourth ventricle
   choroid plexus
   
   nucleus vs. ganglion
   tract vs. nerve
   gray matter vs. white matter
   
4. anatomical subdivisions of the brain (see Table 3.2)

   anatomical subdivisions of the brain
   forebrain	telencephalon	cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system
   	diencephalon	thalamus, hypothalamus
   midbrain	mesencephalon	tectum, tegmentum, cerebral peduncles
   hindbrain	metencephalon	pons, cerebellum
   	myelencephalon	medulla, pyramids

5. forebrain
   1. telencephalon - cerebral hemispheres
      
      1. cerebral cortex
         1. sulcus (sulci)
         2. fissures - longitudinal fissure, lateral fissure, central fissure
         3. gyrus (gyri) - precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus
         4. lobes
            1. frontal lobe
            2. parietal lobe
            3. occipital lobe
            4. temporal lobe
         5. sensory cortex
         6. motor cortex - primary motor cortex
         7. association cortex (or association areas)
         8. corpus callosum - largest commissure in the brain
         9. neocortex
         10. limbic cortex - cingulate gyrus
      2. subcortical structures
         1. limbic system
            1. hippocampus
            2. amygdala
            3. septal nuclei
            4. limbic cortex (see above)
         2. basal ganglia
            1. caudate nucleus
            2. putamen
            3. globus pallidus
   2. diencephalon
      1. thalamus - relay into and out of neocortex
      2. hypothalamus - functions:
         1. regulation of pituitary
         2. involvement with limbic system
         3. homeostatic drives (hunger, thirst, sex)
         4. regulation of autonomic nervous sytem
6. midbrain
   1. mesencephalon
      1. tectum
      2. tegmentum
         1. reticular formation
         2. substantia nigra
      3. cerebral peduncles
7. hindbrain
   1. metencephalon
      1. cerebellum
         1. cerebellar cortex
         2. deep cerebellar nuclei
         3. cerebellar peduncles
      2. pons
         1. reticular formation
         2. locus coeruleus
   2. myelencephalon (medulla)
      1. pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts
8. spinal cord
   1. white matter
   2. gray matter
9. peripheral nervous system
   1. spinal nerves - 31 pairs
   2. autonomic nervous system
      1. sympathetic division (SNS)
      2. parasympathetic division (PSNS)
   3. cranial nerves - 12 pairs
      1. sensory nerves
      2. motor nerves
      3. mixed nerves